How can we improve the teaching and learning of science and engineering? That was the over-arching question examined by an expert panel convened by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine.
The consensus study report — Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12 — looked at ways to improve science and engineering learning in accordance with the National Research Council’s (2012) Framework for K-12 Science Education. The report called for investigation and design that engage students in doing science and engineering to understand and apply phenomena, rather than listening to instruction.
It also included explicit discussion about past and current inequities in science and engineering education, and spelled out recommendations for addressing those inequities. The report described the need for more deliberate and effective work to provide equitable access for students from groups that have been excluded or marginalized in the past. The report said educators, including administrators, should pay particular attention to differential student outcomes, especially in areas in which inequities have been well documented, and use that information to make concrete plans to address the disparities.
Eileen Parsons, a professor of science education who focuses much of her research and advocacy on equity in education, served on the panel that wrote the report.
Parsons, who studies the influences of socio-cultural factors, specifically race and culture, on learning in STEM subjects, is president-elect of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Parsons will in serve that position for one year before becoming president of NARST. After serving for one year as president, she will serve for another year as immediate past president.
Recommendation: Administrators should take steps to address the deep history of inequities in which not all students have been offered a full and rigorous sequence of science and engineering learning opportunities, by implementing science investigation and engineering design approaches in all science courses for all students.
• School and district staff should systematically review policies that impact the ability to offer science investigation and engineering design opportunities to all students. They should monitor and analyze differences in course offerings and content between schools, as well as patterns of enrollment and success in science and engineering courses at all schools. This effort should include particular attention to differential student outcomes, especially in areas in which inequality and inequity have been well documented (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, race, and culture). Administrators should use this information to construct specific, concrete, and positive plans to address the disparities.
• State and national legislatures and departments of education should provide additional resources to schools with significant populations of underserved students to broaden access/opportunity and allow all students to participate in science investigations and engineering design.
Parsons has been a member of NARST for 22 years and has been active with the organization, serving as a conference coordinator, on various NARST committees and recently as a member of NARST’s Board of Directors. She also has served as a fellow for the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
In this Q&A, Parsons talks about the report, its descriptions of past inequities and the need for more work to reduce them.
Edge: The report calls for work that bridges inequities and making science and engineering teaching more inclusive. How have some students been excluded?
Parsons: A body of research investigates inequities, inequalities, and exclusion in science education, primarily along the lines of race, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and language. The specific ways in which certain groups and individuals have been systematically disadvantaged and excluded both historically and contemporarily are too numerous to list here but generally the inequities, inequalities, and exclusion occur in three main areas. An abundance of data and evidence that exists from the inception of science education in the United States to the present day indicates inequities, inequalities, and exclusion across time in the distribution of material and human resources; tangible and continued access to, in lieu of theoretical availability of, high quality opportunities; and representation in what is valued.
For example, in contrast to schools enrolling students from middle to high-income backgrounds and white and students of certain Asian descent, schools with large enrollments of students from low-income backgrounds and students of color have fewer resources (e.g., inadequate facilities). These schools, called high-poverty and high-minority enrollment schools in the literature, also experience high personnel turnover and employ a greater number of personnel who do not meet the minimum quality standards set by states (e.g., subject matter certification). Additionally, students traditionally excluded in science education lack tangible and continual access to high quality opportunities; the rigor of the academic offerings and the quality of science learning experiences of the schools they attend circumscribe the future STEM prospects of these students is one example.
The last area is representation in what is valued and includes the inequities, inequalities, and exclusion that are most acknowledged in education in general and science education in particular. This representation spans the gamut of what the science curriculum features; what the instruction highlights; and whose ways of being, interacting, and communicating classroom events esteem to who society elevates as people who do STEM.
Edge: How does this NAS report differ from past reports on issues around equity?
Parsons: The NAS report differs from past reports in addressing equity in one major way. The NAS report explicitly and consistently acknowledges that the current inequities, inequalities, and exclusion of certain groups in science education are not incidentals and do not exist because of past or present haphazard actions. Historians and other researchers in the social sciences document a continuous link — periodically interrupted by ephemeral progress corresponding with democratic ideals — between the inequities, inequalities, and exclusion of today and the inequities, inequalities, and exclusion of yesteryear.
The National Research Council’s Framework for K-12 Science Education described persistent inequities in science education and the need for more explicit work to address those inequities. In summary:
• An examination of the history of science education in the U.S. shows that although inequality and inequity have been hallmarks of education and subsequently science education throughout U.S. history, they went unacknowledged in science education reform until the mid-1980s. Early formal science instruction was for whites only. From the mid-1900s, recommended directives for science curriculum and instruction — and efforts to implement those directives — were targeted at those who were recognized as citizens and entitled to the full rights of citizenship, to the exclusion of all others.
• Although passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 facilitated the desegregation of schools, racial segregation of schools continued into the 1970s, with white students receiving an education of higher quality. Blacks and Hispanics were among groups who did not enjoy the full measure of positive results from science curriculum reforms in the 1970s.
• Only in the 1980s, with the emergence of Science for All Americans, issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1989, was the inclusive goal of “science for all” made explicit — a goal that still has not been achieved.
• In 2006, the National Research Council’s America’s Lab Report called for engaging students in doing science investigations and other “hands-on” science activity integrated into the content learning.
• A notable change since the 2006 context is an explicit recognition of the need for science and engineering instruction to be more inclusive and to ensure that students from groups that have been excluded or marginalized in the past have equal and equitable access to quality K-12 science and engineering learning opportunities.
• This explicit focus is especially timely because of demographic changes in which the percentage of students of color enrolled in public schools was 50.5% in 2014, reflecting the first time that the percentage of students who were white was less than 50%. It is projected that the percentage of white students in public schools will continue to decline.
• Even though courts acted to dismantle segregation, segregation has persisted, and is continuing to worsen. Schools with large proportions of black and Hispanic students, English learners, and/or students in poverty are often under-resourced. Consequently they typically offer fewer math and science courses and course sequences and fewer certified teachers in science content areas than schools serving predominantly white and higher-income students.
The inequities, inequalities, and exclusion of yesteryear resulted from the intentional and deliberate design of systems and development of policies and practices to advance groups deemed by a societal worldview to be superior and to oppress groups considered inferior. Even though language use and the overt expression of beliefs associated with past inequities, inequalities, and exclusion have changed over time in public discourse, the intentional and deliberate wholesale transformation of the systems, policies and practices initially engineered to ensure inequity, inequality, and exclusion has not occurred; the reader is reminded of this reality throughout the NAS report.
Edge: What has to be done to make schools and science classrooms more inclusive for these students?
Parsons: Litanies of efforts and initiatives exist to make science classrooms inclusive, but I contend that the successes of such efforts will remain isolated and temporary without a certain recognition and intention. To make schools and science classrooms more inclusive first requires a recognition that the present inequities, inequalities, and exclusion are continuations across time of systems historically engineered to produce them. Because people are unaware of the historical linkages, deny their existence, or do not fully address them for various reasons documented in research, these systems remain operative and structurally unchanged today.
For schools and science classrooms to be inclusive, it is necessary to couple the recognition of the present-day impact of historical legacies with intentionality, a focused determination to alter ecosystems — federal and state policies, district regulations, school-wide norms, and classroom practices — to advance equity, equality, and inclusion. For instance, past reforms in science education have shown that a sole emphasis on science competencies and scientific habits of mind with a nod to equity, equality, and inclusion and a hope for more equitable outcomes result in little progress. People often uncritically engage these ecosystems, approaching them from a tightly held and heralded belief that opportunity is equally available to and accessible by all individuals who seek it, believing (consciously or not) in unfettered, individual agency to overcome systemic obstacles through hard work and innate ability.
Such engagement that lacks criticality is most evident in the demand for equal treatment regardless of pre-existing conditions reified, reinforced, and reproduced by institutions and systems. Traditionally excluded groups are sorely underrepresented among those empowered by society to transform these institutions and systems such that equality, equity, and inclusiveness are fostered and facilitated. For example, processes in pre-K-12 science education often function as though a level playing field exists between students traditionally included and students traditionally excluded in science and science education. Nationwide data generally indicate that groups traditionally included in science have ample exposure to science and have unceasing, actualized access to high-quality science experiences throughout their precollege educations, whereas pre-K through high school public science education insufficiently exposes and provides inadequate and intermittent access to high-quality science experiences to groups traditionally excluded from science and science education.
Edge: What are some of the barriers to making that happen?
Parsons: There are numerous barriers, some more daunting and obstructive than others. The root of many of these barriers are beliefs of which we are aware and those that operate beyond our consciousness; these beliefs ultimately constrain and circumscribe actions. These beliefs include but are not limited to (1) science is only for the select, very bright few, (2) equity, equality, and inclusion are important but there are other formidable challenges that need attention, and (3) issues of equity, equality, and inclusion are best addressed by teachers in the science classroom.
At one point in the history of science education in the United States, these beliefs may have aligned with and met society’s needs and goals. In current conditions replete with rapid demographic and societal changes and the integral, pervasive role of science in daily life, these beliefs are detrimental in meeting the humanitarian, economic, political and social needs and goals of U.S. civic life. Research and data show that the select few who have traditionally dominated science — white males from middle and high socioeconomic strata in society — are insufficient in number to meet the growing demands that require more creative and viable solutions; research indicates that these innovations are more likely to emerge from the engagement of diverse populations with strikingly different experiences and perspectives.
In order to meet the current and future challenges, it is an imperative that a broader spectrum of the U.S. population is prepared to assume the mantel; such preparation requires equity, equality, and inclusion to become an urgent priority reflected in policy and practice. When stakeholders, especially those with the power and authority to initiate and sustain change, elevate equity, equality, and inclusion to the status of import they warrant, teachers in the science classroom will be just one of the many components of the ecosystem esteemed crucial in efforts. Actions (e.g., resource allocation, capacity building) at different levels — federal, state, district, school, and classroom — will align and intentionally work in concert to realize enduring transformations such that outcomes in science education matches its rhetoric “science education for all.”
Resources
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12: Investigation and Design at the Center. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25216.
Parsons, E. C. & Thompson Dorsey, D. (2015). The race problem: Its perpetuation in the Next Generation of Science Standards. In L.D. Drakeford (Ed.). The race controversy in American education (pp. 215-237). Santa Barbara, CA.: Praeger Publishers.
Parsons, E.C. (2014). Chapter 9: Unpacking and critically synthesizing the literature on race and ethnicity in science education. In S. Abell (posthumously) and N. Lederman (Eds.) (2nd edition). The Handbook on Research in Science Education (pp. 167-186). Taylor & Francis.